Nathan Bullock Formula 1
TheFormula1 , commonly abbreviated to F1 , is a discipline of motor sport considered the premier class of the sport . It has taken over the years a global dimension and with the Olympics and World Cup soccer , is one of the most sporting events profile 2 . Every year since 1950 , a World Championship of pilots is organized and since 1958 a world championship car manufacturers was established. The competition is based on Grand Prix , racing in cars cars played on closed road circuits but sometimes permanent and temporary plots in the city, like Monaco , Valencia and Singapore . The sport, governed by the International Automobile Federation (FIA), is managed by the Formula One Administration (FOA) and a set of satellite companies controlled by Bernie Ecclestone . After the era of the craftsmen of the 1960 and 1970 , it has gradually attracted the world’s major car manufacturers who invest large sums of money, hoping to capitalize on media coverage of possible success. Formula 1 is considered the technology showcase for the automotive industry who is experimenting with new techniques, sometimes derived from space technology could be adapted and then on the cars. Besides the competition, the term refers to all Formula 1 technical regulations for cars cars that are updated every year by the FIA. These rules are very strict on the size of cars, the engine capacity, the technologies used, and they also define the security 
measures to protect car driver. The cars racing with the characteristics of regulation of Formula 1 are generally referred to under the generic term of Formula 1. Summary 1 History 1.1 The beginning (1950-1957) 1.2 The “garage” (1958-1981) 1.3 The mass media (1982-1999) 1.4 Return of the major manufacturers (2000-2008) 1.5 A new era since 2009 2 Around the Race 2.1 Organization 2.2 Pathways to go to Formula 1 2.3 Regulation 2.4 Security 2.5 Training, medical and anti-doping 2.6 Grand Prix 2.7 Circuits 2.8 Qualification 2.9 Course 2.10 Strategy race 2.11 Ranking System 3 Technology 3.1 Aerodynamics 3.2 Engine 3.3 Transmission and gearbox 3.4 Wheel 3.5 Tyres 3.6 Braking system 4 icons 4.1 Drivers 4.1.1 History 4.1.2 Contemporary Period 4.2 Role of women 4.3 Team Principal 4.4 Engineers 4.4.1 History 4.4.2 Current Period 5 Awards, records and balance sheets 5.1 Records 5.1.1 Records of securities by manufacturer (1958-2010) 5.1.2 Records of securities by pilot (1950-2011) 5.1.3 Records of wins per pilot (1950-2010) 5.2 Awards 6 Competitions 6.1 Grand Prix and World Championship 6.2 Courses outside Western Europe 6.3 National Championships 7 Popular Culture 7.1 Cinema 7.2 Literature 7.3 TV Series 7.4 Video Games 7.5 Supporters 8 Media 8.1 Print Media 8.2 Audiovisual Media 9 Economics 9.1 Budget of a stable, wages 9.2 Sponsorship, sponsors 9.3 Organization of a Grand Prix 9.4 Income from Formula 1 10 Future 10.1 to new markets 10.2 Control of budgets 10.3 Regulatory Objectives 10.3.1 Spectacular 10.3.2 Ecological Aspect 11 Objections to Formula 1 12 Notes and references 13 Bibliography 13.1 In French 13.2 In German 13.3 In English 13.4 In Finnish 13.5 In Italian 14 External links History
Main article: History of Formula 1 . The history of Formula 1 has its roots in racing played in Europe in the years 1920 and 1930 . It really began in 1946 with the standardization of rules required by the Sports Commission International (CSI) of the International Automobile Federation (FIA) under the name “International Race Formula No. 1″, to be located quickly abbreviated to F1. A world championship of Formula 1 is established in 1950 and a Constructors’ Cup in 1958 (which became the World Championship of Manufacturers from 1982 ). The history of this discipline is closely dependent on the performance of the cars and the rules that regulates technical competitions. Although the gain of the world championship is the main objective, many Formula 1 races were held without being integrated into the world championship. The final, played at Brands Hatch was held in 1983. National Championships were also held in South Africa and the United Kingdom in the years 1960 and 1970 . The beginnings (1950-1957)
The Alfa Romeo 159 has led Juan Manuel Fangio in the title in 1951 .
The Ferrari F500 F2 of Alberto Ascari World Champion 1952 and 1953 . The World Championship drivers was officially launched on Saturday 13 May 1950 at Silverstone at the Grand Prix of Great Britain 3 . Created last year at the initiative of the scrabble word finder Commission Sportive Internationale 4 (the sports governing body the International Automobile Federation ), the Grand Prix championship meets Europe’s most prestigious (with the notable exception of Grand Prix Germany ) and the Indianapolis 500 , test used primarily to endorse the global nature of the championship in that it is not played according to the rules of Formula 1, but according to the International Formula 5 . Only five years after the end of World War II , holding a world championship is a bold 5 , only the European economies begin to recover. Logically, the first plateau of the championship are quite disparate and, as a symbol, it is the Alfa Romeo 158 , a car whose design dates back to 1937, dominating the discussions. The veteran Italian Giuseppe Farina won the opening round of the championship before becoming the first world champion in history 6 , beating teammate Argentinian Juan Manuel Fangio who will take his revenge the following year 7 . Despite the rise of the Scuderia Ferrari , which won the Grand Prix of Great Britain in 1951 its first victory with Argentina’s José González Froilán 8 , which passed near the title with Alberto Ascari 9 , the financial health of Championship is uncertain 10 and announced the withdrawal of Alfa Romeo in late 11 fears a lack of competitors. To remedy this situation, the CSI decided to reserve championships in 1952 and 1953 cars in the Formula 2 12 . As expected, new competitors for most British, respond favorably to the transition to Form 2. If the grids are garnish, this does not prevent the widespread dominance of Ferrari that crushes the competition with its leader Alberto Ascari. The competition is taking shape in 1953 with the emergence at the highest level of Maserati 13 , which can count on the return of Juan Manuel Fangio missing through injury last season: Ascari is again headlined but the duel between Ferrari and Maserati gives rise to Reims 14 , 15 and Monza 16 that journalists call “the race of the century 17 “sign after a slow start, the world championship is well and truly launched 18 . Form 2 has rekindled the championship, CSI decided from 1954 to reopen it to cars of Formula 1, the maximum displacement from 2 to 2.5 liters . Not only does this decision does not escape the craftsmen but draws two prestigious manufacturers: Mercedes-Benz 19 and Lancia 20 . Symbol of the dynamism of the championship, each of the four major manufacturers has committed a car with different characteristics: Lancia V8, 8 cylinder in-line Mercedes-Benz, 6 cylinder in-line 4-cylinder Maserati and Ferrari online. The seasons 1954 and 1955 are largely dominated by Mercedes-Benz, allowing Fangio to win two more world titles. The dominance of Silver Arrows is such that it raises concerns for the balance of the championship, especially since Maserati and Lancia are experiencing significant financial problems. But the decision, in part motivated by the plight of 24 hours of Le Mans 21 , Mercedes-Benz to leave the competition late 1955 and the sale by promising his Lancia D50 22 Ferrari to return to duels Ferrari / Maserati. Manufacturers of this struggle, one man emerges: Champion 1956 Ferrari and then 1957 in Maserati, Fangio is his record five world titles. The “garage” (1958-1981)
Cooper T43 of the Rob Walker Racing
The VW5 (by ex- Stirling Moss ) allows Vanwall won the first cut of manufacturers in 1958 .
In 1969, Bruce McLaren led his own car , the Formula 1 car has completely changed. The face of the world championship changed abruptly in 1958 when the British manufacturers, who until then were mostly figurative behind the brands Mercedes and Italian, finally affecting the dividends of their substantive work. Ferrari driver ( Mike Hawthorn 23 , which opens a series of twelve consecutive titles for nationals of the Commonwealth ) is titrated, but the first Cup returns to manufacturers Vanwall 24 , while Cooper 25 caused a sensation by triumph, via Rob Walker Racing 26 in Buenos Aires 27 and Monaco 28 a mid-engine car powered by a rear engine Coventry Climax 29 from 2-liter makes more than a hundred horses in competition. Enzo Ferrari 30 sees this innovation in one eye and sarcastic This final sentence: “the horses pull the plow and do not grow.” This technical solution that emphasizes maneuverability at the expense of raw power soon to school. It also helps to change the world championship era that is no longer a matter of major manufacturers, assemblers, but now (the “garage” as they are called Enzo Ferrari with contempt), with emphasis on design the chassis . The early success of the Cooper have been confirmed in 1959 and 1960 by two world titles by Australian Jack Brabham 31 , while two other brands, BRM 32 and Lotus 33 undertake a similar way. In 1961 , to curb the escalating performance, the maximum displacement of Formula 1 from 2.5 to 1.5 liters, containing technical regulations in Formula 2, which disappears momentarily. Despite the short since October 1958, this formula has not been anticipated by the best British manufacturers, leaving the field open to Ferrari, the engine finally went back, dominating the championship. Its drivers are unfortunately the tie of the worst ways, Wolfgang von Trips 34 killing himself at the last race of the season at Monza 35 , providing at the same time the title to American Phil Hill 36 . Undermined by an internal crisis in the winter, the Scuderia is unable to build on this success and the British resumed their ziPhone domination as 1962 , Graham Hill 37 winning on his BRM. This season is also marked by the emergence of Jim Clark 38 , which borders the title driving his revolutionary Lotus 25 39 monohull that breaks with the traditional tubular chassis, designed by engineer Colin Chapman . The duo Chapman / Clark realizes the double driver / constructor championships in 1963 and 1965 , Ferrari succeeded only briefly straighten his head in 1964 by former champion rider John Surtees 40 which performs the feat of being assayed four wheel after having been on two. In 1966 , a new regulatory change is introduced to ironing because the maximum displacement to 3 liters , with a view to re-Formula 1 the supreme discipline of motor sport, status challenged by the powerful prototypes of the world championship sports car . The first two seasons of the new Formula 1 are marked by the beginnings of most competitors who are struggling to find the perfect engine (the prize for innovation back to BRM H16 engine with her that will prove to be a fiasco), it that benefit Brabham 41 , a follower of technical solutions rustic (tubular chassis and engine Repco 42 derived from a block Oldsmobile ) to shine. Always at the forefront of innovation, Lotus, who has strayed by buying BRM H16 engine reacts by ordering Cosworth 43 , through the financing of Ford , a landmark engine, the V8 Cosworth DFV will dominate for almost fifteen years. After a promising start in 1967 , the Lotus 49 dominated the 1968 season at the hands of veteran British Graham Hill who has supplemented his teammate Jim Clark, the victim of a fatal accident early in the season in Formula 2. Season 1968 shows that Lotus does not shine by its technical innovations, but also by its responsiveness to the political level. Earlier this year, the CSI, taking into account the increased cost of the discipline, allows non-sport sponsorship. Lotus immediately sign a partnership with Imperial Tobacco and replaces the coat British Racing Green of its cars with a red and gold livery colors of Gold Leaf 44 . The traditional color code in place since the 1920′s lived.
Jody Scheckter driving the Tyrrell – Ford P34 six wheel 1976 .
The wing as Lotus 78 .
The Brabham BT46 vacuum , winning the Grand Prix of Sweden 1978 .
Renault RS10 first Formula 1 car turbocharged to win a Grand Prix. The growing power of engines (more than four hundred horses) begins to cause adhesion problems with cars. In this context appear at the Belgian Grand Prix 1968 45 the first fins, initially set directly on the suspension arms, designed on the principle of inverted airplane wings and intended to press the car to the ground. Late 1968, season disrupted repeatedly by rain, an alternative is explored by several teams (Lotus, Matra 46 , McLaren 47 ), the design of four-wheel drive cars to distribute power between the front and rear . The difficulties of developing such cars and the extra weight caused the lead engineers to abandon this course and develop the ailerons, which leads to extreme solutions, the cars are equipped with wings high up in the front at the rear. The double accident of Lotus Hill and Rindt electronic cigarette 48 at the Spanish Grand Prix 49 (with a few laps Bankruptcy of each other, the passage of a bump, the fins of the two cars were sold, sending their pilots in the walls of protection) leads the power to prohibit sports indefinitely the high fins. The rapid increase in performance is not without consequences on the mortality of drivers. The late 1960′s and early 1970′s is one of the darkest periods in Formula 1, even if driven by Jackie Stewart 50 , change the mentality of the drivers to the point that death is no longer driving seen as inevitable. The accident most emblematic of this period is that of the Austrian Jochen Rindt 51 , who drove his revolutionary Lotus 72 (which with its lateral radiators, prefigured the aesthetic of cars racing for decades to come), is the death in the tests of the Italian Grand Prix 1970 52 . Firmly in the overall lead at the time of his death, he became world champion posthumously. Despite the many tragedies that have affected (Clark’s death in April 1968 and in September 1970 Rindt), Lotus remains the dominant team and is again titrated 1972 with the Brazilian Fittipaldi 53 . The supremacy of Lotus is regularly challenged by the team Tyrrell 54 with which Jackie Stewart won the title in 1969 , 1971 and 1973 . The first of his three titles is acquired at the wheel of a car French Matra (Tyrrell took the opportunity to name Matra International ). In 1974 , Fittipaldi won his second world title and the first of the team McLaren but the season is marked by the return to form for Ferrari, led by Niki Lauda 55 , titled in 1975 and in 1977 , having missed the title in 1976 (with James Hunt 56 , McLaren) in dramatic circumstances 57 . The second half of the 1970s was marked by several radical innovations. The most spectacular but least effective, is the initiative of Tyrrell reveals that in 1976 his famous model P34 58 , a car with six wheels each half front has two wheels to increase traction while reducing drag. Despite the victory of Jody Scheckter 59 at the Grand Prix of Sweden 1976 60 and several high-level performance, the solution will be no school, especially as the cost of the wheels is proving prohibitive. In 1977 , Lotus unveiled its model 78 , car ground effect also known as “wing car” as fitted with a shaped bottom inverted airplane wing associated with side skirts almost sealed, which creates a powerful vacuum and therefore provides a phenomenal ride. After a season of development, Lotus overwrites the championship in 1978 , won by the American driver Mario Andretti 61 . At the end of the season, all teams to follow suit but Brabham Lotus has responded by developing a car with a turbine drawing air under the car to produce an even higher ground effect. After a single race where Niki Lauda wins an easy victory ( Grand Prix of Sweden 1978 62 ), the device is prohibited by the power of sport. Finally, the most important innovation of this period is French, Renault 63 doing so in 1977, his debut world championship with a turbocharged engine. After a slow start ( Ken Tyrrell 64 this car nicknamed “ the yellow teapot 65 “because of the fragility of the mechanical part, which was a horrible black on a yellow car), Renault has triumphed for the first time the engine turbo Grand Prix de France 1979 66 , demonstrating the correctness of his choice. The technological revolution that shakes the Formula 1 of the late 1970s is consistent with the political maneuvers that are committed. Meeting within the FOCA , a lobby for their interests, the major British teams intend to weigh more heavily on the direction of the discipline by taking advantage of the passivity of CSI until the election is headed by 1978, the French Jean-Marie Balestre . Concerned about the Renault turbo engine performance, the British call a ban, recognizing that technology as sharp and expensive can not be controlled by the major manufacturers (Renault, Ferrari, Alfa Romeo). For its part, the CSI (which becomes FISA ) intends to improve the safety of Grand Prix and wants to ban skirts, these aerodynamic efficiency to give all their wing cars. This power struggle between the FOCA to Bernie Ecclestone and the FIA Balestre, known as the “ FISA-FOCA War “raises fears of a time building a championship side (the organization of the Grand Prix of Africa 1981 South under the aegis of the World Federation of Motor Sport , federation “ghost” created by the FOCA, will also in this direction, but no action) before the various stakeholders do not sign in the spring of 1981, “ Concorde agreements “that endorse the division of powers between FISA and FOCA. The mass media (1982-1999)
Ayrton Senna at the Grand Prix of the United States in 1991 .
Alain Prost in 1991 As desired by FISA, the wing cars are banned from 1983 while the British team accept the presence of turbocharged engines. They accept all the more that, far from having their lives threatened by the influx of big brands, they would make technical partners: Brabham (led by Bernie Ecclestone , the leader of FOCA) signs an agreement supply of turbo engines with BMW 67 in 1982, McLaren did the same with Porsche 68 and Williams 69 with Honda 70 . To power turbo engines a reality in 1982 (world title for Ferrari manufacturers, however, leaving the title away driver Keke Rosberg 71 on his Williams Cosworth powered air) and then in 1983 when Nelson Piquet 72 is on its Brabham BMW-driver the first world champion with a turbo engine. The turbo year then dominated by McLaren- TAG Turbo Lauda ( 1984 ) and Alain Prost 73 ( 1985 and 1986 ), the Williams-Honda (constructors ‘title in 1986 and 1987 drivers’ title for Nelson Piquet in 1987) and McLaren-Honda in 1988 (15 wins in 16 races and the title to Ayrton Senna 74 ahead of his teammate Alain Prost). These years are those of excess in terms of power. At their peak in 1986, blocks turbocharged developing more than 1400 horses in specifying qualifications, the power being reduced to 850 horses for the race. For security, FISA limits the power in 1987, then totally banned from 1989 .
Ron Dennis in 1991 If the return of weather attracts many small teams ( Scuderia Italia 75 , Coloni 76 , Rial 77 , EuroBrun 78 …) seduced by regulation a priori more affordable, motorists Judd and Cosworth providing many blocks at a reasonable price, it does not change the balance of power. The teams supported by general builders continue to cut the lion’s share: McLaren Honda, Williams Renault, Ferrari and to a lesser extent the team Benetton 79 , supported by Ford . McLaren dominated the 1989 season, marked by the deterioration of relations between Prost and Senna whose rivalry fascinated the public, and needed more challenges in 1990 and 1991 , its dominance is thwarted by Ferrari (strengthened by Prost in 1990) and Williams-Renault. The latter, in advance in the control of electronic driving aids (ABS, traction control, active suspension, gearbox Semi-automatic) dominating seasons in 1992 (with Nigel Mansell 80 ) and 1993 (with Alain Prost). The prohibition of most electronic aids redistributes the cards on the edge of the season 1994 . But the expected duel between Ayrton Senna (Williams-Renault) and the young Michael Schumacher 81 (Benetton-Ford) is cut short when the Brazilian triple world champion is killed during the Grand Prix of San Marino 82 , the day after the accident deadly novice Austrian Roland Ratzenberger 83 . With two deaths in one weekend, including one of its most popular driver, the world championship knows his darkest hours, no fatal accidents in competition have been deplorable for those of Gilles Villeneuve 84 and Riccardo Paletti 85 in 1982 . Slammed for complacency in security, the FIA quickly hardens its legislation, the single most spectacular being the limitation of engines 3 liters the following season. From the Grand Prix of San Marino 1994, no Formula 1 driver did killed and only two deaths are regrettable: a firefighter in 2000 and a marshal in 2001, both killed by debris resulting from accidents . Sacred in dramatic circumstances in 1994, Schumacher retains his world title in 1995 , driving a Benetton now powered by a Renault engine. The French engine, which also Williams team, up to four top four drivers in the championship. In 1996, Schumacher left for Ferrari and Benetton weakens opens the door to Williams, which carries the double-driver manufacturer in 1996 with Damon Hill 86 then in 1997 with Jacques cna certification Villeneuve 87 . The withdrawal of Renault and the departure of his favorite engineer Adrian Newey puts an end to the domination of Williams that benefit McLaren, Newey said reinforced and whose association with the German manufacturer Mercedes-Benz is starting to bear fruit. Subdued since the successive departures of Senna and Honda in 1992 and 1993, McLaren returns to the world titles in 1998 and 1999 , both championships won by the Finn Mika Häkkinen 88 . Return of the major manufacturers (2000-2008)
Michael Schumacher after a victory in 2004 Restructuring of the Scuderia Ferrari, which started in 1993 by Jean Todt has successively engaged the German driver Michael Schumacher and engineers Ross Brawn 89 and Rory Byrne 90 , is embodied with the world title in 1999 acquired the manufacturers, the first of the Italian team since 1983. This sacrament is the starting point of the period of domination the largest in the history of Formula 1 since Schumacher won five consecutive world titles from 2000 to 2004, bringing its total staff to seven crowns. At the same time, Ferrari added five titles to his name manufacturers. This domination culminating in the seasons 2002 and 2004 during which Schumacher won eleven and thirteen respectively victories. To revive the show, the sporting power is regularly required to change the sporting regulations. This period corresponds to a growing involvement of major brands in the discipline. So they contented themselves so far the role of engine, leaving the chassis design specialists UK, they are involved gradually as a manufacturer in its own right: Mercedes-Benz became the majority shareholder in McLaren, Ford bought Stewart Grand Prix in 1999 to create Jaguar Racing , Renault bought Benetton Formula in 2000, Toyota made its appearance on the grids in 2002, Honda bought British American Racing in 2005, BMW bought Sauber that year. In 2005 and 2006, achieving twice the double-builder with driver Fernando Alonso 91 , Renault ended the long period of hegemony of the Scuderia Ferrari, and became the first carmaker to be sacred. In 2007 and 2008, Kimi Raikkonen (Ferrari) and Lewis Hamilton (McLaren), are world champions. A new era since 2009 Large manufacturers who had committed ten years before gradually leaving the World Championship: Honda , BMW and Toyota withdrew completely in 2008-2009 and Renault is gradually giving his team a subsidiary of the investment fund, Genii Capital , but remains engine manufacturer. Only Mercedes launches team in 2010 by buying the team Brawn GP . Of independent teams take over as Sauber , Marussia Virgin Racing , Hispania Racing F1 Team and Lotus Racing . From 2009, Formula 1 is undergoing further change with the arrival of the recovery system of the kinetic energy , the back tires to slicks , several aerodynamic modifications and a desire to reduce costs. On the track, a new hierarchy is needed with the domination of the new team Brawn GP , born from the purchase of the former Honda team, who became world champion with Jenson Button . Off-road, this season is marked by the FIA-FOTA conflict that opposes Max Mosley to the stables on the budget cap for the 2010 season and the threat of creating a championship FOTA Formula 1 competitor, an idea abandoned Following the removal of the cap budgets. Mosley is not standing for election to the FIA who dedicate a new president, Jean Todt . In 2010, the supplies in the race re-introduced in 1994 are banned and a new points system is set up. In 2011, the mobile rear wing (DRS) is established to facilitate overtaking, and Pirelli replaces Bridgestone as supplier of tires. Red Bull Racing , driven by the engineer Adrian Newey and the young German driver Sebastian Vettel wins drivers and constructors titles in 2010 and 2011. Formula 1 continues to globalize, new Grands Prix are held in Abu Dhabi , in South Korea and India . Around the race
Organization
Bernie Ecclestone at the Bahrain Grand Prix 2006 . Three agencies are responsible for organizing competitions of Formula 1: The Federation Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA), chaired by Jean Todt , who will direct and determine technical and sporting regulations. Denver Divorce Lawyer The Formula One Administration (FOA, formerly FOCA), chaired by Bernie Ecclestone , who holds the exclusive rights of audio and video competitions by delegation of the FIA, under the terms of the Concorde Agreement. The Formula One Management (FOM), which manages the rights, including television broadcasting, the FOA. In the early 1970′s , Britain’s Bernie Ecclestone 92 , 93 (which bought the team Brabham at the end of the season in 1971 ) began to unite together most of the Formula 1 teams. Rapidly emerging as the FOCA ( Formula One Constructors Association ) whose ambition is twofold. Revenue generated by the shopping, and expenses of the stables, have increased significantly as well as the public interest in the sport. The stables, given the amounts more than they invest, consider that it is possible not only to produce more income, but that some of them rightfully theirs. On behalf of the FOCA, Bernie Ecclestone then began to negotiate directly with some of the organizers of Great Price (ensuring the presence of teams they represent) against payment of a lump sum of increasingly higher. The FOCA is even directly organizing some events. The association is also negotiating with television stations, a new player (not major, but about to become) World Grand Prix. The organization strictly sporting world championship is the exclusive competence of the CSI. But on this point, the FOCA claims to have a say, and refuses to be dictated changes in the technical regulation, sources of additional costs to the stables. The French Jean-Marie Balestre 94 , 95 , from his accession to the presidency of the CSI (the sports governing body FIA), which takes the name of FISA, is trying to oppose the rise of the influential Association headed by Bernie Ecclestone : it is the beginning of the FISA-FOCA war . In 1981 , both sides signed the peace of the brave, giving rise to the first version of the Concorde Agreement (the name of the Place de la Concorde in Paris , where the FIA / FISA is headquartered) that endorse the division of powers between the FISA (which retains authority on sports and regulatory) and FOCA with which the FIA agrees to share the profits, by leaving the commercial exploitation of races. Each team will receive a share of the profits in proportion to its results in the championship. Bernie Ecclestone is the boss at that time unofficial Formula 1. When the first Concorde Agreement expire in 1987, Ecclestone ceases to be a team owner to create the FOPA ( Formula One Promotions and Administration ), new agency responsible for administering the TV rights to the stables (the FOPA become by Following the Formula One Management ). The FOPA received 23% of revenue from TV rights, while 47% goes to the teams, and 30% to the FIA. However, the FOPA receives fees paid by the organizers of the Grands Prix. Premiums are denver personal injury lawyer paid according to the results to the stables. Pathways to get to Formula 1
Fernando Alonso started with karting .
Fernando Alonso has evolved in 2000 in Formula 3000 . The classic course of a Formula 1 driver usually starts with the practice of karting from an early age. The pilots then access to motor sport car in formulas known as “promotion”. These are numerous: the Formula Ford , the Formula BMW or Formula Renault 2.0 to name the best known examples. Then comes the Formula 3 and then, a real stepping stone to Formula 1, GP2 Series , which replaced Formula 3000 in 2005, which was replaced in the 1985 European Championship Formula 2 . The Formula 1 teams also recruit in other disciplines, such as the Formula Renault 3.5 World Series by Renault (located between the F3 and GP2 in Europe), the Formula Nippon in Japan or North American subjects such as The Champ Car (before 2008) or the IndyCar Series . Specialization of driving forces, it has become very rare for pilots current in disciplines other than cars to get to Formula 1. A driver who engages in an endurance championship (sports-prototypes, Grand Touring) and Berlin ( DTM , WTCC ) is generally considered to have a line on a possible career in the premier class. Logically, when a pilot is able to decide on a Formula 1 team at the start, he owes it to its good results in the lower categories. In fact, sometimes the contract is conditional upon the payment of a sum of money the driver to his future employer, it is called “pilot pay.” This refers to pejoratively drivers limited to sporting qualities which owe their presence in Formula 1 as their financial support. Must not forget that some of the biggest names in the history of Formula 1 made their debut in Formula 1 in this way (as Niki Lauda ), prior to be sufficiently bright to change status. The use of pilot pay is limited to the smaller teams struggling to make ends meet without this contribution. In recent years, the massive presence in Formula 1 constructors general, affluent, has limited their presence on the starting grid. In 2008, for the first time in many years, engaged in the world championship did not have any driver paying 96 .
Nico Rosberg on a car of Formula BMW in 2002, his first season in motorsport.
The GP2 Series , the real stepping stone to Formula 1. The current trend of teams is not to wait for a young driver knocks at the door of Formula 1 to be interested in him, but to take charge of his training from the beginning. This trend was initiated in 1989 by the German automaker Mercedes-Benz, which in anticipation of his arrival in F1, had formed a team of young pilots to prepare them for the highest level. Known as the “Mercedes Junior Team,” this initiative has encouraged the development of Heinz-Harald Frentzen , of Karl Wendlinger and Michael Schumacher , who, ironically, will not defend the colors of the brand with the star in Formula 1 before second career in 2010. Since then, many manufacturers have followed this principle is to identify a driver, sometimes from the kart, and to fund its participation in the forms of promotion making sure to place it in the best possible structures: pathways were created by Renault with the Renault Driver Development which comes from Heikki Kovalainen , Toyota electronic cigarettes with the Toyota Young Drivers Program revealed that Kazuki Nakajima and Kamui Kobayashi or Red Bull Racing with the Red Bull Junior Team of Sebastian Vettel and Red Bull Driver Search, based United States and which came from Scott Speed . The most famous and most extreme is that of Lewis Hamilton 97 , supported by McLaren and Mercedes from his twelve years while he is still only kart driver. The proliferation of these networks prevents talented young drivers to worry about financial constraints inherent in motor sport. Conversely, a pilot “off-track”, as talented as it is, sees access to Formula 1 appear more difficult than ever. Formula 1 is a highly closed in on itself, be supported by an influential manager (as Sébastien Bourdais , whose future in Formula 1 when cleared Nicolas Todt , son of Jean Todt has become his manager) or have a father, who 
himself excelled vps hosting at the highest level (as demonstrated by the arrival of Nico Rosberg and Nelsinho Piquet , son of former world champion Keke Rosberg and Nelson Piquet , after those in the years 1990 to Damon Hill , son of Graham Hill Former world champion, and Jacques Villeneuve , son of legendary driver Ferrari Gilles Villeneuve ) may be such as to open doors may remain closed to other drivers as talented. Regulations Main article: History of the regulations of Formula 1 . For reasons of performance, safety 98 , the sporting power is regularly required to change the sporting and technical regulations. In recent seasons, the FIA changed the regulations in Formula 1 to slow the spiral of increasing the speed and cost. In 2005, one set of tires could be used for qualifying and the race. If a vehicle had a damaged tire (like a flat tire), it should be replaced by one of the tires used previously in testing. But in 2006, tire changes are allowed once again to make the supplies more spectacular. The FIA also reviewed the support, thus limiting the speed cornering cars. Sometimes the rules change during the season, as in June 2006 to prevent the flattening of the upper rear wing in a straight line to reduce drag , same with the prohibition of “ mass damper “in August of the same years. Now the unfolding of qualifications has totally changed. The first fifteen minutes of qualifications is organized, the last six are ranked in this order from the seventeenth to the twenty-second. The sixteen other drivers have an additional fifteen minutes after which the last six are again ranked in that order. Finally, the last ten riders can battle it out for the last twenty minutes remaining. A new regulation was adopted after the 2006 Grand Prix de France , its main effect is to reduce the duration of the final part of qualifying by passing from twenty to fifteen minutes. Since 2008 , the traction control is gone. Since 2011 99 , the current specifications require a minimum weight of cars at least 640 kg , with driver and fluids including (but not including fuel) and at any time of the event. Profondemment FIA revised the regulation of the discipline from 2009 in order to contain costs (in 2008, Super Aguri F1 , stable low, but Honda Racing F1 Team , team directly affiliated with the powerful industrial group Honda , had to out of business for financial reasons 100 , 101 ). In addition, the global economic crisis has weakened many other teams who have lost their sponsors, the rule change has been approved by all the stables of the plateau in 2009 102 . Each driver has no longer than eight engines (the maximum speed is reduced to 18 000 revolutions per minute) for the entire season. The development tests are reduced to 15 000 kilometers (one car will be allowed to take the track during practice sessions, testing during the season are prohibited). Finally, wind tunnel aerodynamic will no longer be used more than 40 hours per week while they worked Chrome Wire Shelving continuously before 103 . For several seasons, the FIA, aware of the problems caused by the lack of overtaking in the race in terms of performance, has established a working group, the “ Overtaking Work Group “to consider regulatory changes to increase the number of exceedances 104 . New provisions to this effect were issued in 2009 and the design of cars it is found radically changed (front wing flap extended with adjustable actuated by the driver, rear wing narrower and higher, extractor-diffuser reduced to the level the axis of the wheels, banning all aerodynamic arranged on the body, back tires slick (evicted at the end of the season in 1999 ) and can install a system for recovering kinetic energy (SREC) Brake 105 , 106 . The 2010 season sees the return of such a ban on refueling during the race, reducing the tread of front tires and the banning of baffle plates on the wheels of cars 107 . Security
Yellow flag together with the sign “ SC “(for Safety car ) which indicates a temporary neutralization of the race behind the safety car. norfolk island holidays The Formula 1 circuits now have the latest equipment safety, condition sine qua non for obtaining an approval by the FIA. This was not always the case, and many tragedies were the direct result of these gaps. Several circuits have changed their route to provide better safety for drivers, while others have lost their place ( Netherlands , San Marino ). Despite the constant improvements in its path, the Monaco Grand Prix is exception safe since it is difficult to adapt a line in the city to the current criteria. But the incomparable radiance of the anachronistic appointment Monaco allows him to continue to exist. Today drivers also involved the safety weight loss pills of racing. Jackie Stewart was one of the first pilots to seek increased security at Great Prices. Grouped within the GPDA ( Grand Prix Drivers Association ), they express their wishes, their requirements and are pushing for facilities when they consider a circuit hazard. Pilots are required to wear underwear and a balaclava, overalls, gloves, boots, a helmet (as light as possible), all fireproof Nomex approved by the FIA and 108 , 109 . A system of protection of the cervical spine, the HANS system 110 , is now mandatory; attached to the helmet, it reduces the bending brutal frontal impact. The cell survival of the hull in carbon cars has innovations to make it virtually indestructible. The priority is the protection of the lower limbs (which should no longer be placed forward of the front) the most exposed to reduce fractures.
Cars after an accident at the German Grand Prix 2003
Diagram of the HANS system with a Formula 1 helmet. (1. Reinforcement of Hans 2. Webbing 3. 4 attachment points. Harness)
Safety Car and Medical Car The risk of diseases related to the practice of Formula 1 races are the first spinal trauma. An accident or an overrun produces a sharp deceleration and a projection of brain mass on the skull (in 1977 , when testing the Grand Prix of Great Britain 111 , David Purley 112 crash suffered a monstrous and a deceleration 179.8 g 113 , it is the only man in the world to have survived such a deceleration). Finally, can produce multiple trauma, head injuries by direct shock, hemorrhagic contusions, fractures of the spine and limbs, burns 109 . Some flags are used in Formula 1 to transmit information to pilots. These are the marshals waving the flags on the side of the tracks behind the safety rails. The medical organization of motor racing on circuit 114 , 109 is subject to strict rules, specified in Annex H of the Medical Code of the FIA and the specifications are set and reviewed every two years. The direction of the race is the central station and includes the Chief Medical Officer and Deputy Chief of Staff, and a medical delegate of the FIA. Emergency stations are evenly spread on the inner and outer parts of the track. During a Grand Prix Formula 1, nine stations are installed with a resuscitation ambulance, a doctor and a nurse anesthetist or emergency. The fastest of these vehicles is a medicalized Mercedes, the organizer provided by the FIA. On all circuits, medical center is set up 109 . For the first edition of a race on a circuit that already exists or a new circuit, the center must be certified and the locations of aid stations on the ground must be determined accurately, in agreement with the organizer and the doctor Inspector permanent. If the transactions do not occur on site, is at the center site of resuscitation for a diagnosis in an emergency, the déchoquage, respiratory support and the first burn treatment. Training, medical and anti-doping The Formula 1 drivers are athletes 109 with great physical condition because their body has to adapt to specific requirements that require endurance and strength, demands close enough to electronic cigarette review the necessities imposed on drivers of motorcycle Grand Prix 115 . The pilots of large gauge (as Alexander Wurz , which measures more than 1, 80 m) are at a disadvantage because of the very narrow size of the cockpit. To collect the g side, pilots should have a good neck muscles. The muscles of the forearms, hands, legs, are also solicited and should be powerful without being too large, which is guaranteed by the technique of “ stretching “. A medical team following the drivers in each team 109 . Pilots must maintain their ideal weight by treating the diet, maintain their physical strength, their status as an athletic physical training (four hours of training per day of jogging, cycling or mountain biking, weight training), maintain a optimal fitness by preventing and treating diseases, managing fatigue and ensuring the recovery on the go. FIA raises the level of international anti-doping controls 109 for all its championships, at a specific rate and variable (from one to several per year), which are about four to six drivers. Nationally, the ministry, the Youth and Sports for France , apply each year to the federation to provide a list of tests in which a check will be performed. These controls are organized with the Ministry, through the regional offices on the ground. Grand Prix Main article: Grand Prix Formula 1 .
Host a Formula 1 race: in 2010, former host countries After the end of the 2009 season, 820 events a (809 Grands Prix and 11 editions of the Indianapolis 500 ) – which were attended by 723 drivers from 36 nationalities 1 – were played in the World Championship: 84 between 1950 and 1959 ; 100 between 1960 and 1969 ; 144 between 1970 and 1979 ; 156 between 1980 and 1989 ; 162 between 1990 and 1999 ; 174 between 2000 and 2009 . Since 1950 , Formula 1 Grand Prix has experienced forty different one on five continents. Nineteen of them are given in calendar 2010 , the others are out of fashion or continue their independent existence, as the Indianapolis 500 , which accounted for the world championship in the year 1950 that run with a regulations and different cars. The Grand Prix of Great Britain three played on 13 May 1950 at Silverstone Grand Prix is the first in the history of the world championship. The Italian Giuseppe Farina needed on an Alfa Romeo . Ferrari is the only team who presented his cars on the grid every season, have started to appear at the Monaco Grand Prix 1,950 one hundred and sixteen (the second
Grand Prix of the history of the championship). F1 Grand Prix 2011 117 Beginning Grand Prix missing Period Bahrain Grand Prix 2004 Indianapolis 500 1950-1960 Australian Grand Prix 1985 Grand Prix of South Africa 1962-1963/1965/1967-1980/1982-1985/1992-1993 Malaysian Grand Prix 1999 Grand Prix of Argentina 1953-1958 / 1960 / 1972-1975 / 1977-1981 / 1995-1998 Chinese Grand Prix 2004 Austrian Grand Prix 1964/1970-1987/1997-2003 Turkish Grand Prix 2005 Detroit Grand Prix 1982-1984 Spanish Grand Prix 1951 Grand Prix of Dallas 1984 Monaco Grand Prix 1950 Grand Prix of the United States 1959-1975/1984-1991/2000-2007 Canadian Grand Prix 1967 Grand Prix of the United States is 1976-1980/1982-1984 Grand Prix of Europe 1983 Grand Prix of the United States West 1976-1983 Grand Prix of Great Britain 1950 Grand Prix of France 1950-1954/1956-2008 German Grand Prix 1951 Grand Prix of Las Vegas 1981-1982 Hungarian Grand Prix 1986 Grand Prix of Luxembourg 1997-1998 Belgian Grand Prix 1950 Grand Prix of Morocco 1958 Italian Grand Prix 1950 Grand Prix of Mexico 1963-1970/1986-1992 Singapore Grand Prix 2008 Pacific Grand Prix 1994-1995 Grand Prix of Japan 1976 Grand Prix of the Netherlands 1952-1953/1955/1958-1971/1973-1985 Grand Prix of South Korea 2010 Grand Prix of Pescara 1957 Grand Prix of India † 2011 Grand Prix of Portugal 1958-1960/1984-1996 Grand Prix of Abu Dhabi 2009 Grand Prix of San Marino 1981-2006 Brazilian Grand Prix 1973 Grand Prix of Sweden 1973-1978 Swiss Grand Prix 1950-1954/1982 † – subject to approval of the circuit Circuits Main article: Alphabetical List of Formula 1 circuits .
The circuit of Hockenheim , given the Südkurve in 2004. You can see the track dragster on the right [Show] v · d · m Formula 1 circuits The majority of circuits which take place in Grand Prix racing circuits are closed, mostly permanent, but sometimes temporary plots in the city and as Monaco and Valencia in Spain 118 , (for the first time on 24 August 2008 ) and Singapore 119 (for the first time on 28 September 2008). Specifications provided that the facilities meet the conditions of safety and convenience, as large relief roads, smooth pavement and wide, can accommodate over 50,000 spectators. The development of the plot is limited to between three and seven km 120 .
The Autodrome of Monza near Milan , the circuit as used by Formula 1 since 1950.
The steep slope of the Eau Rouge in 1997.
The stands of the Hockenheim circuit .
The stand Renault . A typical circuit of Formula 1 has a series of curves and turns that ends with the main straight at the height of the grid. The “pit lane” (“ pit lane “in English ), where drivers represent a stop in front of the stand of their stable 121 , to allow their mechanics to change tires, refuel ski accessories or make a repair, is normally spa covers placed off the grid. The rest of the circuit configuration can vary, however, in principle, the direction of rotation is the clockwise. Short circuit turn “upside down” or in the opposite direction (the majority of turns is then left). Drivers suffer because of the neck and can be life threatening. The enormous lateral forces created by high speed cars in the curves begin to head contribution of pilots in the direction opposite to the usual direction. Curves are famous for the speed at which they are addressed, as “ Eau Rouge “Circuit Spa-Francorchamps 122 , the “parable” of Monza and “ Tamburello “at Imola . The Eau Rouge 123 is a very steep side through which a right turn widening blind, followed by a false flat and then a slight left turn leading to the straight line of Combes. The challenge for any driver has always been to negotiate this sequence to bottom: a passenger car spends between 160 and 180 km / h , a Formula 1 car at nearly 300 km / h . Among the circuits “classic” of Formula 1, Silverstone circuit 124 in England , built on a former air base of the Royal Air Force , was part of the first Grand Prix in the history of Formula 1, May 13 1950 . The Monza 125 ( Italy ), is considered the “temple of speed” because of the extreme speeds that cars can reach it. The six Grands Prix the fastest in the history of Formula 1 all took place in Monza and Michael Schumacher won the 2003 Grand Prix at 247.586 km / h average of 126 . The Spa-Francorchamps ( Belgium ) is the longest and one of the favorite drivers 127 , 128 , it is called the “slide of the Bulge” because of its strong track rolling. The old Nürburgring ( Germany ) stretched over more than twenty miles ( 22.835 km from 1967 to 1976) through the forests of the mountain range of the Eifel . The northern part of the circuit ( Nordschleife ) is known as “Green Hell” ( Grüne Holle ) because of his long, difficult and dangerous crossing of the forest. It is no longer used for safety reasons and was replaced by a “small” circuit that contains only part of the old route. For security reasons, the long straights and fast corners, to Österreichring and Imola for example, disappear with the appearance of baffles 129 , turns dry 130 in the years 1990 and 2000 . Finally, the street circuit of Monaco ( Principality of Monaco ), the shortest and slowest track on the streets of the Principality, around the port and casino , whose prestige 131 forget the imperfections. A special case is that of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway , which hosts the U.S. round of World Championship Formula 1 1950 to 1960 , organized by recording the race of the Indianapolis 500 schedule Formula 1 championship, then the Grand Price of the United States on a specific circuit layout inside the ring speed of 500 miles (infield), from 2000 to 2007 . This is not strictly speaking a Formula 1 circuit, but nevertheless a legendary circuit racing . In recent years, new modern circuits, built by architect Hermann Tilke , appeared to allow the arrival schedule of the World Championship Grand Prix new, fulfilling the expansion of the Formula 1 beyond its European birthplace: the Sepang ( Malaysia , 1998 ), the Sakhir circuit ( Bahrain , 2004 ), the circuit of Shanghai ( China , 2004 ) and the circuit of Istanbul Park ( Turkey , 2005 ). Tilke has also worked with the modification and upgrading of the Hockenheim circuit in Germany ( 2001 ) and more recently the Fuji Speedway in Japan ( 2007 ). Qualification Between 1989 and 1992 , due to the large number of cars involved, qualifications were preceded by a pre-qualification session reserved for the lowest-ranked cars in the championship and then during the previous half-championship course. Holders of the four best times of prequalification took part alongside the qualifications of the twenty-six cars pre-qualified in law (qualifying on Friday afternoon and Saturday afternoon). After qualification, the twenty-six cars with the fastest times qualified for the race. In 1993 , the qualifications are shortened to fifteen minutes but the system was always the same. In 1996 , the qualifications are limited to Judaica Bat Mitzvah Gifts twelve rounds, Saturday from 13 h 00 h from 00 to 14. Any driver whose time exceeds seven percent that of the pole can not start the race except by decision of the stewards (due to exceptional circumstances that prevented the competitor to defend his chances). In 2003 , the qualifications are made in two sessions. Pilots soar first one by one, in the order of championship courses, and a buckle series of three turns (or one lap). The second session takes place also on a flying lap but the pilots soar in the reverse order of the results of the previous day. Much criticized, this system lasted only one season, but made a comeback in 2005. In 2004 , only one qualifying session, split into two sessions of one hour, is organized. Pilots soar only car transport track in the order of arrival of the previous race for one lap. The second session takes place also on a flying lap but the pilots soar in the reverse order of the results obtained previously. Any car not realizing the time measured in Q1 can not attend the session Q2. In 2005 , a test session pre-qualification will be held on Saturday to establish the order of entry into track drivers for the qualifying session on Sunday. Pilots soar one by one, in order of arrival of the previous auto insurance quotes race for a lap. In qualifying session (Sunday morning from 00 to 11 h 10 h 00), drivers rush one by one in reverse order of the pre-qualifying session on Saturday for a lap. In 2006 , the qualifying session takes place on Saturday afternoon and takes place in t shirt printing three phases, Q1, Q2 and Q3. During Q1 of fifteen minutes, the last six lap are eliminated from the other drivers in Q2 session. The Q2 also lasts fifteen minutes and is based on the same principle as the Q1. The twelve pilots eliminated (six in Q1 and Q2 in six) may change the amount of gasoline up to leave. The Q3, or “Super Pole” lasts twenty minutes and is limited to ten fastest drivers. Participants in the Super Pole can not change the fuel load before the start of the race. In 2007 and 2009 , the qualifications are held on the same context, but the durations of the sessions have been changed. In 2007, they had every fifteen minutes. In 2008, the Q1 lasted twenty minutes, the last fifteen minutes Q2 and Q3 (Super Pole) lasts 10 minutes 132 . The drivers qualified for the Super Pole will start the race with the fuel remaining at the end of the session, the fuel burned in Super-Pole will not be reintroduced before the race. From the Turkish Grand Prix 2008, only five riders are eliminated at the end of Q1 and Q2 sessions. In 2010 , the cars competing all qualifications with an amount of free fuel: research performance is preferred. Following the ban on refueling during the race, the cars then dispute the qualifications “empty” before starting the test with a tank containing 230 to 240 liters of gasoline. Pilots compete for Q3 qualifying session must start the Grand Prix with the tires used in Q3 133 . Race Grand Prix takes place on Sunday earlier this afternoon. The race must be at least three hundred and five kilometers and not exceed a period of more than two hours. The start is given by the lights. During the race the cars make at least one pit stop to change tires, in fact, since 2007 , the FIA required that pilots use a set of tires for each type of gum suggested: hard and soft, and since 2010 the refueling is prohibited. Each team sets out a strategy concerning the number of tire changes in order to have the best performance possible. This is the checkered flag at the end of last round, which gives the end of the race. For many years Bernie Ecclestone wants the course of a Grand Prix at night. The first of its kind held at the Singapore Grand Prix 2008 . Before starting the race itself, the drivers carry out a round of betting grid 134 , (improperly called “warm-up lap”) that ensures that the car can start without assistance. They take advantage of this opportunity to temperature the engine, brakes and tires. Before this round, the cars are placed on the grid, according to the position determined by the qualifications and penalties if necessary distributed (round of betting in pre-grid). When the betting grid is complete and all the cars are locked, the race director activates the starting procedure of the race which consists of the ignition, one after another at regular intervals of one second, five red lights and then simultaneous extinction. Once the lights off, the race begins, drivers can move their vehicles. To avoid false starts, the time between the ignition of the last of the five lights and the lights may vary 135 . If an incident occurs during this short phase, the pilot reported involved the waving arms and the starting procedure can be interrupted. In this case, a new “warm-up lap” takes place, the distance is reduced by a round, the offending driver leaves the grid to start if he can stands after all the other competitors. This process is repeated until problems arise. Strategy in the race
Refueling and changing tires at Monza for David Coulthard .
Pit-stop for Anthony Davidson of Super Aguri F1 in the 2008 Malaysian Grand Prix . Formula 1 is a discipline where the material provided to each driver has different qualities, where the teams have very different budgets, where the personal qualities of the driver (focus, composure, intelligence) result in performance . Yet it is also a sport of strategy 136 , communication between drivers and engineers. The strategy can save a driver that is not favorable, which can not exceed the competitor that precedes “regularly”. Current strategies revolve around the transition to the pits with the refueling (until 2010, when the settlement has forced the teams to do to run their cars with only one full-course), the change of tires. The subtlety comes from the frequency of anticipation or otherwise pending the transition to the rival stands, in order to make fast laps and win positions in the standings. Strategies start running from the qualifications. At the third session, the amount of fuel onboard allows or not certain options. This is not always the one who stops less often wins, as illustrated by the results of the Hungarian Grand Prix in 1998 one hundred and thirty-seven , 138 . The number of pit stops is on average two per race, some times three stops are made, and even more, depending on the incident, the interventions of the safety car, changes in climatic condition, tires permitted. A team may attempt a single stop ( Italian Grand Prix 2007 139 , 140 ) and do the refueling, changing tires at about the halfway point. If the passage stands to lose about thirty seconds, varies according to the profile of the circuit and the location of the pit lane from the circuit. In addition, driving a car more “responsible” than a competitor makes it more difficult and increases the overtaking lap. The ability of engineers to act quickly without any mistakes is essential 136 . The working time is not the same team, a driver can lose the race in the pits for an error or delay in his stable. Also, refueling, changing tires, a spoiler is an exercise in training worked, endlessly repeated 136 . Classification system The classification of a Grand Prix is established once the drivers cross the finish line in the final round. The order of arrival determines the allocation of points: 25 points for first, 18 for second, 15 for third, 12 fourth, 10 fifth, sixth at eight, six in the seventh, four for the eighth , 2 for the ninth and the tenth one. This classification applies only to drivers who travel 90% of laps completed by the winner, and includes those who left. When the first rider crosses the finish line, all the other drivers in the race simply complete the tour they started (a pilot who has lapped does not cover the same number of laps that the winner). This explains a pilot who has abandoned the very end of the classification test can appear before a driver who crossed the finish line with one or more laps behind.
The checkered flag is used to indicate the finish of racing. The cumulative points awarded at each event determines the final position of the drivers championship. This rule is only since the 1991 season , before, to uphold the plume on the regularity, only a certain number of results, varying by season, was considered 141 . Thus, in 1988 , despite a score lower than his rival Alain Prost , Ayrton Senna was assayed for the regulation provided that, of the sixteen races of the championship, only eleven best results would be retained. The constructors’ championship runs in the same mode, each team accumulating the points scored by both drivers in each race. Until the late 1970′s , where the teams could engage a variable number of cars, only the highest ranked driver brought his team points in the constructors’ championship. The scoring system has changed little between 1950 and 2002 and changes have mostly focused on the question of the value of victory. After passing two or three points in 1961 and four points in 1991 , the difference between victory and dropped to second place two points in 2003 following the season 2002 in which Michael Schumacher was assayed as the month of July. A new scale, suitable for expanding the board to thirteen teams, has been updated for the season 2010 to assign points to the first ten (26), there will be five point difference between each of the four first 142 . From 1950 to 1957 , several drivers were allowed to take turns on the same car and the points earned at the finish of the race were then divided by the number of pilots. Following the same principle, a driver could drive several cars in a single race and so appear more than once in the final, as in the Argentine Grand Prix 1955 that Maurice Trintignant finished both the second and third up. In 1958, CSI brought a significant change in its sporting regulations, changes in the drivers causing the non-allocation of championship points, this settlement signed the de facto end of the relay on the same car 143 . Between 1950 and 1959, the pilot holder of fastest lap earned a point that could be shared in an equal time discrimination. This is the case of the Grand Prix of Great Britain 1954 in which seven pilots scored 0.14 points, or 1 / 7 points. Also, Jean Behra he has the fewest points in a season (0.14 points) 144 , 145 . This rule disappeared in 1960 146 . When Grand Prix is stopped before the three-quarters of its scheduled distance was run, it gives rise to the award 
half points. This particular case arose during the Australian Grand Prix 1,991 147 and at the Malaysian Grand Prix 2009. Rank 1950-1959 1960 1961-1990 1991-2002 2003-2009 2010-2011 1 st 8 points 8 points 9 points 10 points 10 points 25 points 2 e 6 points 6 points 6 points 6 points 8 points 18 points 3 e 4 points 4 points 4 points 4 points 6 points 15 points 4 e 3 points 3 points 3 points 3 points 5 points 12 points 5 e 2 points 2 points 2 points 2 points 4 points 10 points 6 e - 1 point 1 point 1 point 3 points 8 points 7 e - - - - 2 points 6 points 8 e - - - - 1 point 4 points 9 e - - - - - 2 points 10 e - - - - - 1 point Fastest lap 1 point - - - - - Technology
On Monza ( the Italian Grand Prix ), the Formula 1 can reach speeds of 365 km / h . A curve very fast a car can cause up to 5 g of lateral acceleration. Performance in acceleration are (figures Renault R25 2005 – V10): 0 to 100 km / h : 1.9 seconds 0 to 200 km / h : 3.9 seconds 0 to 300 km / h : 8.4 seconds (more or less, depending on aerodynamic configuration) In Formula 1, when the driver takes his foot off the accelerator pedal at high speed, the deceleration is 1 g , equivalent to the braking of a sports car. This is mainly due to the aerodynamics . With its brakes in carbon the car decelerates from 300 km / h to a complete stop in less than 3.5 seconds, the decelerating force then reaches 5 to 6 g . Formula 1 from 100 to 0 km / h in 17 meters. If a modern Formula 1 car is still a car (it has four wheels, an internal combustion engine, steering wheel and moves in two dimensions on a paved road), the unique technology that helps to design, particularly in the management of air flow and the development and use of materials that are very light and strong, the closer to what we used to see in aviation (aero push, wind tunnel tests perpetual, structural materials borrowed from the aerospace, chassis and aerodynamics engineers often from aircraft). This chapter, but not limited to, certain aspects of the technology of Formula 1. Aerodynamics Main article: Automotive Aerodynamics pay day loans .
Test tunnel The aerodynamics is fundamental, even, and perhaps more, in a field where the principle of non-fairing the wheels results in drag very debilitating to performance. All external components of the car are taken into account, including triangles wheels and suspension arms, the pilot’s helmet, mirrors, etc.. 148 , 149 , 150 . The main wings, front and rear, are the most obvious, but the flat bottom vents to broadcasters sophisticated at the rear, the latter, as well as many small appendages, are involved in the aerodynamic performance of the car. The impact of air flow on the behavior of the car is essential, the difficulty is to get the best possible compromise between a fine for optimum penetration of the car in the air ( Cx ) to move quickly straight line, and best auto insurance support provided by fixed fins to “stick” to the track fast curve 151 . We will see very fine cars on fast circuits like Monza, and fins very present on slow circuits of the type Monaco. To win a Grand Prix, a team needs a good wind , and of engineers highly specialized. To study and improve the aerodynamics of a car, they use the simulation programs of computational fluid dynamics (CFD known as, the English “ Computational Fluid Dynamics “, which can hcg diet plan be translated into French by the phrase” Mechanical Computational Fluid Dynamics “(MFN)) and carry out wind tunnel tests, analyzing the different configurations of wings , pontoons and other aerodynamic parts. Thousands of hours of tests are performed with scale models before building the cars and parts to manufacture full size. For the 2008 season , BMW Sauber has a blower scale while Renault has a half-scale wind tunnel at 152 . Engine Main article: Category: Formula 1 engine . Since the inception of the discipline, all architectures engines were tested in Formula 1. There are indeed engines at 2, 4, 6 , 8 , 10 , 12 and even 16-cylinder, flat , online , V , H , air, supercharged by a compressor or a turbocharger . The most prestigious brands of the car ( Ferrari , Lamborghini , Maserati , BMW , Mercedes Benz …) or, conversely, the most popular ( Renault , Toyota , Ford ) have invested in world championship to enhance their denver martial arts reputation attempting to triumph at the highest level of competition. If there is a world champion drivers and one constructors’ championship, there is no championship engine (which has not stopped Renault to declare themselves “world champions six times between 1992 and 1997″ attributing to itself and securities acquired by Williams F1 Team and Benetton ). Ferrari engine is the most capped Formula 1 with 205 wins, ahead of Ford Cosworth with 176 wins and 113 victories with Renault after the Canadian Grand Prix 2008 153 . The drivers of Formula 1 can be classified into four main categories: Engines designed by leading car manufacturers to power their cars or private cars ( Ferrari , Renault , Toyota …) Engines designed by specialized pharmacies involved in Formula 1 ( Repco , Cosworth , Weslake , Moderni Motori …) Engines designed by specialized pharmacies on behalf of major manufacturers or from major motor manufacturers ( Judd on behalf of Yamaha , Cosworth blocks from Ford , Mecachrome blocks from Renault , Mugen blocks from Honda , Hart …) Engines that are named after the sponsor of a stable but are in fact a “rebadgeage” of an existing engine ( Playlife , Petronas , Acer , Megatron , European …) The new regulation imposes V8 engines with a displacement of 2400 cc 154 , 155 . The best V8 can reach 780 horsepower , while some older V 10 and trumpets variables (called boost sound) exceeded the 900 horses . For reasons of safety and cost reduction, the power gain has become impossible because the FIA imposed a freeze on engine development for five years. The maximum speed of the motors was first clamped at 19 000 revolutions per minute by an electronic limiter in 2008 and 18 000 revolutions per minute in 2009. To achieve such levels of performance, engineers have developed novel technologies, such as air spring valves, which allow systems to obtain higher. The average consumption of a Formula 1 is 75 liters of gasoline (unleaded) to 100 km . Refueling is done under pressure with a flow rate of 12 liters per second approximately ( 9 kg of fuel per second).
Engine BRM 16-cylinder H of 3000 cm ³ designed in 1966 by superposition of two blocks of eight-cylinder boxer 1500 cc
V12 Honda RA121E the McLaren – Honda in 1991
Engine Renault RS27 2007 to 2400 cc 8-cylinder 90 ° V Transmission and transmission
Cooper T45 mid-engine rear- Rob Walker Racing started in 1958 The Formula 1 cars are powered by an engine on the back since the early 1960′s wedding rings . The engine is now placed in a central position (just behind the driver), which allows for better weight distribution and to dispense with drive shaft front to back through the web hosting review box direct coupled motor. The engine and gearbox form a so-called “carrier”. In the wake of the hull before they form the back of the chassis. The box is placed behind the engine, it includes a differential and half shafts driving the wheels, the wheels of triangles, as well as arms and rear suspension system are directly attached 156 . The rear wing and other broadcasters to air flow are also attached to the gearbox 157 . The gearbox has a main characteristic shifting semi-automatic sequential which makes the pedal clutch to change gears superfluous. The driver only needs to act on a pallet under the steering wheel to demote or move up a gear, the gear change is instantaneous, without lifting a foot off the accelerator in the case of the climb. All cars have seven speeds of the plateau. Renault , who had chosen to have only six-speed went to the box since September 2006 . Since 2008 , a change of gear before completing four consecutive Grand Prix driver penalized five places on the starting line. Since 2008 also, any electronic system to control wheel spin system (traction control or antilock braking) is prohibited. Is also prohibited any device or electronic chiropractic marketing assistance system warns the driver of the deterioration of the condition of the wheels. In 2009 , the FIA allows the installation in the cars of a system for recovering kinetic energy during braking, the SREC . This new system can store up to 400 kJ per lap and return to the pilot’s request for up to six seconds and a half (continuously or in batches) per spin at full power about 80 horses extra 105 . Flying
Wheel Tyrrell P34 of 1976
A wheel of Toyota (2009) Cockpit of a Formula 1 car, although it now meets the minimum dimensions defined by the FIA technical regulations, remains very small. In addition, a pilot needs to be constantly vigilant and focused and can not divert his attention from driving (trajectories and position of competitors …). These two constraints (small size of the cockpit and the need to gather as much information in the driver’s field of vision) led to completely review the design and function of the wheel of Formula 1 car 158 . It is no longer a bulky metal ring designed to change the direction of the car but has become over the years a true dashboard full of electronic devices, which provides information to the driver 159 . The driving , especially since the advent of gearboxes semi-automatic paddle, now brings together functions previously scattered over the dashboard, which no longer exists. Except for the gas pedal and brake, the Formula 1 cars are all of their functions grouped on the steering wheel 160 , 161 . Located at the rear of the pallets shifting and a range of clutch (for departure or in case of arrest) and on the front, controls the neutral (Neutral) , reverse, cut it circuit, the buttons on the radio communication with the engineers present in the stands, the speed limit for entering the pit lane, the pump control beverage, knobs for adjusting brake bias, differential, of the electronic throttle at the start, setting the rich air-fuel mixture as well as screens and LEDs that indicate the engine speed and the need to change the gear ratio. Of liquid crystal displays show the number of turns, the gear engaged, the lap time, oil pressure, temperatures of the various organs of the machine, etc.. 162 , 163 . STD Test The steering wheel has lost its circular shape, it is flattened at its lower part (to limit its size) and at the top to improve visibility. In addition, pilots are molding the extent of their gloved hands to win in ergonomics. The cockpit of a Formula 1 is very small. To settle or leave, it is necessary to remove the wheel. The technical regulation requires the pilot to leave the car in less than five seconds to do so, the wheel must be removed immediately. Each wheel is made by craftsmen in a specification for each team, its cost is very high. Tyres In the early days of Formula 1, four manufacturers are present: Dunlop (174 GP), Pirelli (200 GP), Englebert (61 GP) and Firestone ( Indy 500 and F1, 120 GP). Avon and Continental then shod cars of Formula 1, before giving way to Goodyear (493 GP), Bridgestone (227 GP ( after the Australian Grand Prix 2010 ) 164 ) and Michelin (215 GP) 1 .
Bridgestone , unique manufacturing 2007 to 2010 Tyres Nationality Period Avon United Kingdom 1954, 1956-1957, 1959, 1981 Bridgestone Japan 1976-1977, 1997-2010 Continental Germany 1954-1955, 1958 Dunlop United Kingdom 1950-1970, 1976-1977 Englebert Belgium 1950-1958 Firestone United States 1950-1960, 1966-1974 Goodyear United States 1967-1998 Michelin France 1977-1984, 2001-2006 Pirelli Italy 1950-1958, 1981-1986, 1989-1991, 2011 – The air is an essential element of the car is the only part of the car in contact with the runway. Unlike automobile tires fitted to a normal race tires are not made to last but to adhere as much as possible to the track. They are much softer, stronger and lighter, and can be changed several times during a race.
White stripe indicating the quality of the softer tire (seasons 2007 and 2008 ) The regulation before 2009, imposed a minimum of four grooves on the tires in order to slow the cars cornering. They can not be larger than 355 mm front and 380 mm at the rear. Since the beginning of the 2007 season, Bridgestone is the only manufacturer in Formula 1. Two grades of tire sec (harder / softer) are proposed for each race (these qualities are different for each circuit, according to the coating, climate, etc. .. with speed), the softer of the two is marked with a green line on the tread so that viewers can make the distinction. Each car must use at least once every type of tire for a dry race. These tires have their optimum efficiency between 90 ° C and 110 ° C , hence the use of electric blankets in the stands and on the start line 165 . For the pressure, extremely important factor in the behavior of a tire, do not vary with temperature, a mixture of low-density gas instead of air 166 . In case of rain, two grades of tires are available, rain (tire very sculpted to remove as much water) and intermediate. Rain tires have an outside diameter larger (higher slopes) to raise the center of gravity of the car on wet runways. The wheels , very fine and light, are magnesium alloy. The regulation requires manufacturers to attach a connecting the wheel to the chassis in case of accident. From 2006 to 2009, has emerged carbon shields mounted on the front and rear wheels, they had a function for improved aerodynamics and improved ventilation of the brakes 167 , 168 , these “plates” were banned for 2010 . In 2009 , the slick tires (no grooves on the tread) are reappearing. To differentiate the qualities of rubber, Bridgestone then affixes a green marking on the top of the sidewalls of the tires to the mix the most tender offered at each Grand Prix. In 2010, the tread of the front tires is reduced from 270 to 245 mm 169 . For the 2011 season , following the withdrawal of Bridgestone and after twenty years of absence, the Italian manufacturer Pirelli will provide all teams with tires 170 . Braking system
Disc brake with carbon in a McLaren – Mercedes . To reduce the speed of a car, the system of braking 171 converts the kinetic energy of the vehicle heat using a disk attached to the hub of the wheel and pads from rubbing on each side of the disc. With its low weight, the large footprint of its tires and disc brakes in carbon (as steel for production vehicles), a Formula 1 is particularly effective braking. In 1993, a comparative test of braking from 100 to 0 km / h was carried out by Renault between Twingo , an Alpine A610 tailor made suits and Williams F1 . The production car stopped in 46 feet , the sport 40 meters and Formula 1 in just 18 meters 172 . The carbon brakes need to climb to a high temperature ( 350 to 500 ° C ) to be fully effective, which explains the phases of acceleration, braking at the pilot round of betting grid before the start of a Grand Prix. Cooling scoops are associated with the braking payday loan system: by playing on their size and openness, engineers are changing the brake temperature depending on ambient temperature and the requirements of the circuits 173 .
Disc brake of the Williams FW27 . Technical Regulation 174 requires cars to be equipped with two separate hydraulic braking (front and rear) but operated by a single pedal, so that one can work (to avoid an accident) in the event of failure the other. The maximum diameter of the brake discs is fixed at 278 mm , thickness up to 28 mm and a single brake caliper aluminum six-piston is allowed. The brake cooling is by air only and the system must not exceed the back of the wheel. Many electronic systems acting on the braking system had been developed to better control the handling of the car. Traction control systems acting simultaneously on the braking and acceleration to avoid excessive wheel spin. The anti-lock braking systems for avoiding bumping the rear axle while the initial automated electronic systems ran the flight of the car from the release of the brake pedal at the start. All these systems are now banned. Emblematic figures
Drivers Main article: Alphabetical List of Formula 1 drivers . History
Juan Manuel Fangio The pilot considered the first great champion in the history of Formula 1 175 is Juan Manuel Fangio . Arrived in Europe in 1948, Argentina is rapidly becoming one of the best drivers in the field and created the world championship two years later. With five world titles, four consecutive (in 1951 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 and 1957 ), it marks a lasting impression. He won 24 of 51 Grands Prix he has played. Of all the drivers faced by Fangio during his ten years of presence in Formula 1, only the Italian Alberto Ascari 176 (World Champion in 1952 and 1953) and the British Stirling Moss 177 have really risen to the height of “maestro” of Argentina. After the retirement of Fangio, Moss confirmed her talent. But as Fangio was able to convert his talent into an outstanding track record, Moss, most unlucky but often uninspired in his career, does not answer any world title and had to settle for four unofficial title of vice-champion world and three third places in the championship between 1955 and 1961, often behind the drivers considered less talented, which earned him the nickname “uncrowned champion.”
Jim Clark in 1966 Moss began a long era of supremacy of the English-speaking drivers in the year 1960 . Some are making genuine exploits, like the Englishman John Surtees 178 , who won the world championship in 1964 , as he has already won a few years earlier in motorcycling, or the Australian Jack Brabham 179 , which in 1966 , won his third world title in the team that he himself founded. But he who is considered the most brilliant is the Scottish Jim Clark 180 , including charts (taken down two world titles in 1963 and 1965 ) only partially reflects his domination on the track on his contemporaries. After his death in 1968 in a test of Formula 2 in Hockenheim , another Scot, Jackie Stewart 181 is becoming the most comprehensive pilot of the plateau. Champion of odd years, Stewart is titrated in 1969 , 1971 and 1973 . In corporate clothing addition to his talent, Stewart marks the history of Formula 1 being the first driver to manage his career and his fortune a very professional manner. It is also the one who saw action in favor of safer on the racetrack. The pilot light of the second half of the year 1970 is Niki Lauda 182 . Symbol of a time when the cars are becoming more sophisticated and sharp to drive, the Austrian driver shines less natural talent than his understanding of race, rigor of analysis and its work force, contributing to raise The Scuderia Ferrari at the highest level after a long crisis in sport. It also marks the spirits returning triumphantly to racing after a serious accident on the Nurburgring in 1976 that left him partially disfigured. In addition to its two securities acquired at Ferrari in 1975 and 1977 , Lauda wins by a third in 1984 .
Ayrton Senna at Imola during the Grand Prix of San Marino in 1989 . Following the retirement of the first before Lauda and Prost is establishing itself as the owner of the Grand Prix, Formula 1 knows a brief and rare period of power vacuum, though, with two world titles gained in 1981 and 1983 ( a third followed in 1987 ), Brazilian Nelson Piquet 183 is the most prolific. The driver that scores the most minds during this period is the Québécois Gilles Villeneuve 184 , less from his list (only six victories between 1977 and 1982) by his sense of attack and his aggressive style that led him to kill himself when testing of the 1982 Belgian Grand Prix . Formula 1 in 1980 year is the “turbo year” primarily dominated by the French Alain Prost 185 , quadruple world champion ( 1985 , 1986 , 1989 and 1993 ) and that beats the record for victories set in 1973 by Stewart. This domination is thwarted by the emergence of Brazilian prodigy Ayrton Senna 186 , titled in 1988 , 1990 and 1991 . At the end of the decade and early 1990s , their rivalry, both on the track and off track, did a lot for the success of the discipline. If fans still tear the merits of the two sports champions, it is clear that Senna has more charisma which helps make him one of the most beloved athletes of his generation in any sport. This status is reinforced by his tragic death at the Grand Prix of San Marino 82 on May 1, 1994 .
Fernando Alonso , Kimi Raikkonen and Lewis Hamilton on the podium in the Grand Prix of Great Britain 2007 . After the retirement of Prost and Senna’s death, the young German Michael Schumacher 187 itself as the best driver of his time. Over the years, he forged the best track record in the history of the discipline 188 , 189 , it beats the major records set by Fangio, Prost and Senna (Fangio keeping records of average, and Emerson Fittipaldi ‘s record of early ). With his talent and aggressiveness on the track, in addition to unifying qualities that allow the Scuderia Ferrari back at the highest level, after two decades of failure. Contemporary period In 2008 , after retirement from sports Michael Schumacher at the end of the 2006 season , the most successful driver of the plateau is the Spaniard Fernando Alonso 190 , double world champion in 2005 and 2006 . His supremacy is challenged in 2007 by the Finnish Kimi Raikkonen 191 , titled in turn, having been second twice in 2003 and 2005 . The other star of the current discipline is the young British Lewis Hamilton 192 , runner-up in his first season he won the title in 2008 and became, at the time, the youngest world champion in the history of F1. We can also mention Felipe Massa (2 e in 2008), Sebastian Vettel (runner-up in 2009 and world champion in 2010 and 2011 is the youngest champion and double world champion in the history of the discipline) , or Jenson Button (world champion in 2009), as among the best representatives of their generation. Of women Women are rare in the world of Formula 1, except in the field of communication (press officers, journalists). In the paddock, there are many models hired by the sponsors to attract photographers to their products, which are called “ Pitbabes “(“ pit “in the English vocabulary of motor sports, means” booths, “” babe “is a familiar English attractive girl). In addition, girls are responsible for holding signs in front of each car prior to departure. These are the “ grid girls “. They are dressed according to the grand prize in uniform typical of the country, or leotards . These roles reinforce the image of misogyny associated with this sport 193 . This image was also reinforced by the words of Jean Alesi on the ability of women to run in auto racing 194 . The examples of women who operate in areas related directly to the competition are relatively rare. Only five women drivers 195 , 196 participated in the broad sense in a round of World Championship Formula 1 since 1950 197 : Maria Teresa de Filippis (Italy) (five appearances including three botox brisbane starts in Grand Prix in 1958 and 1959), Lella Lombardi (Italy) (seventeen entries with twelve departures from 1974 to 1976), Divina Galica (United Kingdom) (three no qualifications in 1976 and 1978), Desire Wilson (South Africa) (not engagement rings a qualification in 1980) and finally Giovanna Amati (Italy) (three no qualifications in 1992). The most assiduous Lella Lombardi is 198 , which is also the only woman named one of the world championship with his sixth place acquired the Spanish Grand Prix 1975 that pays half a point (sixth place is worth one point, and the scores are divided by two when the race is stopped prematurely). As the history of Formula 1 is not limited to the world championship, Desire Wilson is the only woman to win a Formula 1 race in 1980 at Brands Hatch in a round of the championship of Great Britain Formula 1 . Sarah Fisher , driver of Indy Racing League from 1999 to 2004 and from 2006 to today, took the wheel of a Formula 1 McLaren – Mercedes on the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in the preamble of the U.S. Grand Prix 2002 U.S. 199 . To date, the last women to drive a Formula 1 is Britain’s Katherine Legge , invited by the Scuderia Minardi to participate in private testing in late 2005 on the Italian track of Vallelunga Villota and Maria, daughter of Emilio de Villota that took the wheel of a Renault R29 of 300 km at Paul Ricard in early August 2011 to 200 . The number of women who have held high positions of responsibility in sports 201 is also low. Only Germany’s Carmen Ziegler, team manager of the Swiss team Sauber in 1993 202 and more recently the Italian Antonia Terzi , chief aerodynamicist in the team Williams 203 from 2002 to 2004, have actually worked at the highest level of a stable hierarchy.
Katherine Legge , the last woman to drive a Formula 1
Models for the promotion of Vodafone
Model to promote Coca-Cola
Parade of “ grid girls ” Team Principal
Jean Todt and Ron Dennis Alfred Neubauer 204 , 205 is best known for leading the team to race Mercedes 19 of 1926 to 1955 . Under his leadership, Mercedes motorsport dominates the inter-war and resumed its relentless march forward from 1952, the firm’s return to star in international competitions. This rule will culminate in 1954 and 1955 seasons by both Mercedes in Formula 1 world titles punctuated by the Juan Manuel Fangio . Also in 1955 that Neubaueur knows the darkest hour of his professional life, with the catastrophe of the 24 Hours of Le Mans , where more than 80 spectators were killed by elements of the Mercedes 300 SLR Pierre Levegh . Ron Dennis 206 left school at age sixteen to work as an apprentice mechanic in a garage near the Brooklands circuit. Rapidly, it is integrated into the Formula 1 team Cooper , always as a mechanic. Assigned to the car the young hope Jochen Rindt , he left for Cooper Brabham together with the Austrian driver in 1968 and became chief engineer. Late 1970 , Ron Dennis set up his own structure of Formula 2, Rondel Racing, which later became Project Four. Marlboro, very unhappy with the results falling in the stable McLaren 207 Formula 1, helps to build strong links between the Project Four of Ron Plastic Containers Dennis and the McLaren team headed by Teddy Mayer in November 1980 , giving birth to the group Ron Dennis McLaren International which is the strong man. Under his leadership, McLaren operates a spectacular return to the front and a string of world titles drivers ( Lauda in 1984 , Prost in 1985 , 1986 and 1989 , Senna in 1988 , 1990 and 1991 ) as well as manufacturers, with the engine manufacturer Porsche now through the investment group TAG , became a shareholder in McLaren and Honda . In 1990 , at the height of the dominance of the McLaren-Honda, Ron Dennis founded McLaren Cars (now McLaren Automotive ) designed to create branded road cars of very high quality. After a slump in the mid- 1990s , McLaren finds the path to success through its partnership with German automaker Mercedes-Benz cars, which powers the UK since 1996 and is a shareholder in McLaren up to 40% since 2000. With Mercedes, McLaren has won the world championship drivers in 1998 and 1999 with Mika Hakkinen , and the manufacturers in 1998. Frank Williams 208 starts in Formula 1 in 1969 with Piers Courage , then, in 1970, is charged by Alejandro de Tomaso to lead his team that aligns chassis Dallara . In 1971-1972, he founded a new team, Politoys, which aligns March . The following year, becoming Politoys Iso-Marlboro, but in 1975, penniless, he must sell part of his stable to Walter Wolf, who bought entirely the following year. Williams founded in 1977 a new team, called Williams Engineering in association with the young engineer Patrick Head . From 1980 to 2002, the team remains in the struggle for victory, forging an enviable record that Frank Williams is the victim in March 1986 of a serious car accident that left him in a wheelchair. It remains the last truly “independent” in Formula 1. Affable and courteous, Williams is no less known for the hardness of his character, especially vis-à-vis its pilots. It attaches more importance to the victory of the car driver. Jean Todt 209 became Director of stable motorsport , first of Peugeot Talbot Sport and the Scuderia Ferrari , then director and director of Ferrari since 2004 . He won five victories in Paris-Dakar Rally with Peugeot, six world championship titles with the manufacturers Ferrari and five world championship titles with drivers Michael Schumacher . It is from 23 October 2009 President of the International Automobile Federation (FIA). Flavio Briatore 210 is a businessman , former commercial director of Benetton , manager , director of the team Benetton Formula from 1989 to 1997 , team owner Ligier in 1994-1995 and director of the team Renault F1 Team in 2000 to 2009 . Under his leadership, Ligier has returned to winning ways after fifteen years of famine and Benetton and Renault teams have won the title of world champion builders in 1995 , 2005 and 2006 . Engineers History
Jim Clark in 1962 on the Lotus 25 monocoque. Colin Chapman 211 , 212 is a former British car engineer, creator of the factory sports car Lotus . Degree in structural engineering at the University of London , he completed his military service in the RAF . Passionate about racing, it attempts to apply the principles aviation (mainly the search for lightness). In 1956 he created his first Formula 1 car (the Vanwall VW56), then in 1958 he designed the first Lotus F1, the Lotus 16 , who finished fourth in the Belgian Grand Prix ). Stirling Moss saves for the first When a Lotus at the prestigious Monaco Grand Prix (in 1960 with a Lotus 18 of the Rob Walker Racing Team ). Later Jim Clark among others, regularly conducts the cars designed by Chapman to victory. The commercial success of its road models, especially the Elan , made him a billionaire, and funded his dreams of competing. He distinguished himself by the many victories and world titles in his stable but also by technological innovations that have repeatedly changed the subject.
John Surtees and Mauro Forghieri in 1965 . Mauro Forghieri 213 , Italian engineer, was appointed in 1961 to head the technical department of Ferrari. In 1964 , John Surtees was crowned at the wheel of one of his first creations. Throughout the years 1960 and 1970 , Mauro Forghieri is, after Enzo Ferrari , the most influential figure of the casino Scuderia. The apotheosis of his career took place in the 1970s, with the remarkable series of 312 T , which won four titles manufacturers ( 1975 , 1976 , 1977 and 1979 ) and three drivers titles ( 1975 and 1977 with Niki Lauda and 1979 with Jody Scheckter ). John Barnard 214 , British engineer specializing in motor sports, was one of the most renowned engineers in the world of Formula 1 in the years 1980 and 1990 , he designed cars for the victorious teams of McLaren , Ferrari and Benetton . Under his leadership, McLaren revives the success and won two world titles free ipad manufacturers (in 1984 and 1985 ) and three engagement ring world titles drivers ( Niki Lauda in 1984, Alain Prost in 1985 and 1986 ). Gordon Murray 215 , South African engineer, designed the Brabham BT49 Motor Cosworth , which allows the Brazilian Nelson Piquet to be vice-world champion in 1980 before winning the world title in 1981. With the manufacturer BMW , Nelson Piquet became the first driver in the history of Formula 1 car on a sacred turbo engine. Current period
The Williams FW07B of Alan Jones Since 1977 , Patrick Head is the technical director of Williams Grand Prix Engineering and is the source of many innovations in Formula 1. Head oversaw the design and construction of the Williams cars until May 2004 . A graduate in mechanical engineering in 1970 , he joined the ranks of the manufacturer Lola and is involved in the automotive and engineering. In 1977 , he founded Williams Grand Prix with Frank Williams. The team begins with March , but after 1978 , the FW06, the first car designed by Head, made its appearance. The following season, Williams registered eleven points and is ranked ninth in the championship. In 1979 , Alan Jones won the first victory of the team. Head’s creations allow Williams to fight with the best and Head begins to delegate the design of cars, he served as technical director. In 1986 , Head manages the team when Frank Williams was injured in a road accident. Under the interim, the team won the constructors’ title in 1986 and the double-driver manufacturer in 1987 with Nelson Piquet . In 1990 Williams commits Adrian Newey and two engineers are a great combination: between 1991 and 1997 , Williams won four titles and four drivers titles manufacturers with fifty-nine wins. In 2004, Patrick Head abandons his post as technical director for the benefit of Sam Michael .
Adrian Newey on 3 July 2004 . Adrian Newey , who graduated in aeronautics in 1980 was immediately recruited by the team Fittipaldi Automotive as qu’aérodynamicien. The following year he joined March Engineering as a race engineer Johnny Cecotto in Formula 2 , IMSA GTP conceives March and took over the technique in March CART . In 1986, he flew to the aid of the stable FORCE Anglo-American but experience short-lived. Newey returns home March, Formula 1, as chief designer. In 1988, the cars of Mauricio Gugelmin and Ivan Capelli highlight one who became one of the most prominent engineers of the paddock that his creations are not free from blame and observers believe that his ideas in matters of aerodynamics grow at the expense of other parameters. Erratic results caused his dismissal during the summer of 1990. Williams – Renault is quick to make his chief designer: with greater resources and perfectly framed by Patrick Head , Newey is the cause of Williams- Renault monopolize wins and world titles between 1991 and 1997. In 1997, he joined McLaren as technical director. Hakkinen dominated the championship in 1998 before being crowned again in 1999. Newey is considered as a maker of victories. From 2000, the McLaren-Mercedes Newey are dominated by Ferrari , the image of the British engineer is blurred by its true-false start for Jaguar in 2001 and if the drop shape is mainly due to McLaren Mercedes , it is liable in the fiasco of the McLaren MP4-18 . Newey, during the winter of 2005-2006, announced his departure for Red Bull Racing . After several seasons of learning where the team ranks among the fifth to seventh place in the world championship, in 2009 the Newey designed Red Bull RB5 , which allows the team to achieve his best season with 6 wins, 16 podiums, 5 pole positions, six fastest laps and 4 doubles, then the Red Bull RB6 world champion constructors and drivers with Sebastian Vettel in 2010.
Ross Brawn at the Grand Prix of the United States 2003 . Ross Brawn joined the motorsport in 1976 as a mechanic in March Engineering in Formula 3. In 1978, he is a mechanic at Williams before climbing steadily through the ranks to become aerodynamicist. Brawn then moved to Arrows where the good results of the Arrows A10, A11 and A10B draw attention to him. In 1989, Tom Walkinshaw asks him to lead the technical program TWR-Jaguar World Championship sports-prototypes: the title of World Champion was won in 1991. He joined Benetton in F1 as technical director. The Benetton win world titles in 1994 and 1995 drivers and the manufacturers in 1995. Brawn then takes the technical direction of Ferrari, where he replaces John Barnard . He is joined by Rory Byrne and gives the Scuderia on the road to success. After a manufacturers championship in 1999, Ferrari won the constructors championship and drivers from 2000 to 2004. After the 2006 season, Brawn leaves office in the Scuderia and take a year off. In 2007 he joined the team Honda Racing F1 Team in which he served as technical director but also sports leadership alongside Nick Fry . In 2009, he returned (with Nick Fry , Nigel Kerr, Caroline McGrory and John Marsden), the Honda (the Japanese manufacturer has decided to cease operations in F1 for reasons of cost) and renamed Brawn GP . In 2009, Brawn GP won the constructors’ championship and Jenson Button becomes world champion driver driving a Brawn. During the 2009-2010 offseason, Mercedes Benz becomes majority shareholder of the team, renamed Mercedes Grand Prix . Ross Brawn and Nick Fry were appointed chairmen of the new team.
Rory Byrne in 2005 in Booth Ferrari . Rory Byrne started in motor sport by designing cars that engages in events in South Africa. He became technical director of Toleman into Formula 2 and Formula 1 in 1981 . Despite limited financial resources, the Toleman Byrne are making moves in brightness as the second place of Ayrton Senna at Monaco in 1984. In 1985 Benetton bought the team and the B186 wins the Mexican Grand Prix 1986 , the first victory for a car designed by Byrne. When Benetton struggling to rise to the level of the top teams, Flavio Briatore recruit John Barnard Byrne and share in Reynard . He returned in late 1991 at Benetton as chief designer when Barnard was replaced by Ross Brawn . The duo technical Brawn-Byrne is off the team that won several world titles. In 1997 , Ferrari calls to reform the duo winning technical Benetton years. Although less publicized than Brawn as its function is only rarely leads to travel on the Grand Prix, he became one of the main architects of the great dominance of the Scuderia Ferrari from 1999 to 2004. In late 2004, he left his place to Aldo Costa, Technical Consultant to become the Scuderia until 2009. Charts, reports and records
Records Main article: List of records in Formula 1 . Records of securities by manufacturer (1958-2010)
Michael Schumacher tests the Grand Prix of the United States 2005 . The Scuderia Ferrari leads the winners of World Championship Formula 1 constructors titles obtained with sixteen in 1961 , 1964 , 1975 , 1976 , Chicago Criminal Lawyer 1977 , 1979 , 1982 , 1983 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 and 2008 . She particularly shone during the period 1975-1983 and the 1999-2008 period. Ferrari is the only team still has eighteen incurred in 1950 and the only still present among the teams involved in 1958 , the first season is awarded the title of the manufacturers. Williams , with Alan Jones , won the Pilot 1980 and his first constructor. The McLaren and Williams dominated the years 1980 and 1990 . Powered by Porsche, Honda and Mercedes-Benz, McLaren won sixteen titles (seven manufacturers, nine pilots) during this period, while Williams is equipped with Ford, Honda, Renault and for the same result (nine manufacturers, seven drivers). Lotus had its golden age during the period 1963-1973, thanks to technological tricks of Colin Chapman combined the talents of Jim Clark and Emerson Fittipaldi . These four teams have won alone thirty-nine titles of fifty, more than three out of four. 16 times: Ferrari 9 times: Williams 8 times: McLaren 7 times: Lotus 2 times: Cooper , Brabham , Renault , Red Bull Racing 1 time: Vanwall , BRM Relevant Life Policy , Matra , Tyrrell , Benetton , Brawn GP Records of securities by pilot (1950-2011)
The trophy for World Champion Formula 1 drivers Michael Schumacher has been seared on a Formula 216 , is seven times world champion of Formula 1 in 1994 , 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 and 2004 . Juan Manuel Fangio , five times world champion Formula 1 (in 1951 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 and 1957 ), dominated the supreme discipline of motor sport in the year 1950 . It remains the only driver world champion in four different teams. He has played in his first season at thirty-nine years and, in view of its percentage of GP victories (twenty-four wins in fifty-one Grand Prix, an absolute record), many who consider the greatest driver in history 175 . The drivers of four teams, McLaren, Williams, Renault (formerly Benetton ) and Ferrari have won all the titles from 1984 to 2008. 7 times: Michael Schumacher 5 times: Juan Manuel Fangio 4 times: Alain Prost 3 times: Jack Brabham , Jackie Stewart , Niki Lauda , Nelson Piquet , Ayrton Senna 2 times: Alberto Ascari , Graham Hill , Jim Clark , Emerson Fittipaldi , Mika Hakkinen , Fernando Alonso , Sebastian Vettel 1 time: Giuseppe Farina , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Denny Hulme , Jochen Rindt , James Hunt , Mario Andretti , Jody Scheckter , Alan Jones , Keke Rosberg , Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill , Jacques Villeneuve , Kimi Raikkonen , Lewis Hamilton , Jenson Button Most wins by driver (1950-2010)
Michael Schumacher Main article: Ranking Formula 1 drivers in many Grand Prix victories . 91 wins: Michael Schumacher ( 1991 – 2006 and since 2010 ) in 260 races (35%) 51 wins: Alain Prost ( 1980 – 1993 ) by 199 runs (or 25.63%) 41 wins: Ayrton Senna ( 1984 – 1994 ) by 161 runs (or 25.47%) 31 wins: Nigel Mansell ( 1980 – 1995 ) by 187 runs (or 16.58%) 27 wins: Jackie Stewart ( 1965 – 1973 ) in 99 races (or 27.27%) 27 wins: Fernando Alonso ( 2001 – 2011 ) by 167 runs (or 16.17%) 25 wins: Jim Clark ( 1960 – 1968 ) in 72 races (or 34.72%) 25 wins: Niki Lauda ( 1971 – 1985 ) by 171 runs (or 14.62%) 24 wins: Juan Manuel Fangio ( 1950 – 1958 ) in 51 races (or 47.06%) 23 wins: Nelson Piquet ( 1978 – 1991 ) by 204 runs (or 11.27%) 22 wins: Damon Hill ( 1992 – 1999 ) by 119 runs (or 18.49%) Awards [Show] Constructors’ championship (since 1958) [Show] World Championship drivers (since 1950) Competitions
Grand Prix and World Championship Main article: World Championship Formula 1 . Today, the terms “Formula 1 race” and “World Championship race” are synonymous. Since 1984, every Formula 1 Grand Prix make up the world championship drivers. And conversely, since 1961, the World Championship consists only of events contested by cars complying with the regulations “Formula 1″.
Jack Brabham BT33 on the Race of Champions at Brands Hatch in 1970 Yet until 1984, quarreled many Formula 1 races not counting for the championship of the world. In 1950, for example, twenty-two Formula 1 races are held, but only six make up the world championship. The frequency of races called “non-championship” down with time and date, the last Formula 1 race is held off championship Race of Champions in 1983 played in April 1983 on the English track Brands Hatch . Conversely, several rounds of the championship drivers (who officially took the name “World Championship of Formula 1 drivers” in 1981) have not been contested by Formula 1 as is the case of racing world championships in 1952 and 1953 , which were all conducted under the regulatory formula 2. During both seasons, the Formula 1 category continued to exist but has only given rise to non-championship races. Because of the confusion between modern Formula 1 World Championship, and given the existing continuity with previous seasons, these two races of the Formula shall be treated as Formula 1 races. The same is true of the eleven editions of the Indianapolis 500 (1950 to 1960) included in the championship and held under technical regulations and sporting force in the United States. Officially, all the results achieved are among the statistics of the world championship, and again, given the confusion between modern World Championship and Formula 1, are considered the results locksmith of Formula 1. Courses outside Western Europe
Countries that have hosted at least one Grand Prix In 1950 , the Federation Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA) organized the first world championship racing drivers with participation in six Grands Prix based in Western Europe ( Belgium , France , Britain , Italy , Monaco , Switzerland ), over the course Bins of the Indianapolis 500 . Indianapolis 500, which is part of the championship, retains its own regulations. The race is marginal for Formula 1 and it will disappear from the calendar after 1960 . In 1951 , the Indianapolis 500 are held only three days after the Swiss Grand Prix ! In 1953 , the season starts on January 18 with the Grand Prix of Argentina . This is the first event outside Europe except for the Indianapolis 500. Subsequently, each season will be a non-European race. The Morocco hosts the first Grand Prix Africa for mining australia the season 1958 . The Asia (with Japan in 1976 ) and the Oceania ( Australia in 1985 ) in turn host the championship. The seventeen events held in 2008 covering almost all continents, of course with Europe, Asia, Oceania, North America and South America. Africa is absent. Yet the South Africa has experienced twenty to three editions included in the World Championships including eighteen in nineteen seasons between 1967 and 1985 . The Eastern Europe , by ideology, has long shunned Formula 1 is represented by Hungary since 1986 . The Chinese hosts a Grand Prix ( 2004 ) as the Arabian Peninsula ( Bahrain ). National Championships Main articles: South African championship of Formula 1 , Championship of Great Britain Formula 1 and Formula 1 championship Soviet . The national championship of South Africa took place from 1960 to 1975. The cars had rolled into the World Championship Formula 1, some of them first-hand or modified or developed in South Africa. The drivers competing for the national championship, and sometimes lined up at the same time in Europe the next level. John Love , who has played just nine Grand Prix World Championship, won the championship six times in South Africa Formula 1. Dave Charlton himself has run three of eleven Grands Prix in Europe and won six times in the title of South Africa from 1970 to 1975. The championship of Great Britain Formula 1 was played between 1978 and 1980, and 1982. As in South Africa a generation before, second hand cars like Lotus and Fittipaldi were in the spotlight, however, cars like the March 781, were developed specifically for this championship. In 1980, the South African Desire Wilson became the only woman to win a Formula 1 race by winning at Brands Hatch in the tub of a Wolf WR3 217 . The Soviet Formula 1 championship, a championship free form, was played between 1960 and 1976 218 . Although not recognized by the CSI , this Cell Phone Accessories championship (as well as those of South Africa or Great Britain) obeyed San Diego Homes For Rent the rules set by international bodies at the time. The aim of the USSR was to challenge the supremacy of the capitalist world in the field of motor racing. Popular culture
Formula 1 has seen many variations of literature to film through the game , among others. Cinema The world of Formula 1 was treated at least three times in the cinema. In 1955 the movie comes out the vicious circle ( The Racers ) of Henry Hathaway , with Kirk Douglas , who narrates the story of a bus driver who engages in Italian Grand Prix of Naples persuaded to have driving skills 219 . American director John Frankenheimer will be the second to address the subject in 1966 , with the film Grand Prix . Boasting a high budget for the time and an international cast ( James Garner , Yves Montand , Toshiro Mifune ), Grand Prix described in romanticized the life of Formula 1 drivers, rivalry between sports and love. Most of the racing scenes were reproduced using cars of Formula 3 , but thanks to the technique is still experimental at the time of the onboard camera, in the film are scenes of genuine race of the 1966 season , and including the 1966 Belgian Grand Prix played in a downpour. While the script, dialogue and interpretation have hardly stood the ravages of time, fans of motorsport in this film are a good testimony of what was the Formula 1 of year 1960 . Another film with the part the world of Grand Prix is Bobby Deerfield , was released in 1977 , directed by Sydney Pollack , with Al Pacino in the title role, that of a Formula 1 driver who falls in love with a cynical leukemic. Unlike Grand Prix is a movie about Formula 1, Bobby Deerfield is above all a melodrama that uses Formula 1 as a backdrop and where the race is only slightly present. The shooting took place during the season 1976 and allows to see several drivers performing their own roles, such as James Hunt , Emerson Fittipaldi or Carlos Pace . As for the fictional character of Bobby Deerfield, it appears in the colors of the team Brabham – Alfa Romeo .